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(3) 暴力和阶级 Violence and Class | 人性中的善良天使
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Other than the drop in numbers, the most striking feature of the decline in European homicide is the change in the socioeconomic profile of killing. Centuries ago rich people were as violent as poor people, if not more so. Gentlemen would carry swords and would not hesitate to use them to avenge insults. They often traveled with retainers who doubled as bodyguards, so an affront or a retaliation for an affront could escalate into a bloody street fight between gangs of aristocrats (as in the opening scene of Romeo and Juliet). The economist Gregory Clark examined records of deaths of English aristocrats from late medieval times to the Industrial Revolution. I've plotted his data in figure 3-7, which shows that in the 14th and 15th centuries an astonishing 26 percent of male aristocrats died from violence -- about the same rate that we saw in figure 2-2 as the average for preliterate tribes. The rate fell into the single digits by the turn of the 18th century, and of course today it is essentially zero.
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(3) 暴力和阶级 Violence and Class
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